Wage discrimination between men and women has been the subject of numerous reports. That between heterosexuals and homosexuals had never been studied. Until today. Two economists from the University of Evry have considered this matter and found a gap of 6.5% on average in the private sector and 5.5% year on public Liberation reported Saturday. A result based on a sample of 904 cases.

This difference was found "all things being equal", the newspaper said, that is to say, qualifications and duties equal, in businesses of similar size, etc.. "After dismissing all the biases that could distort the results, we arrive at a pay gap is said unexplained", explains Thierry Laurent, co-authored the study with Ferhat Mihoubi. Only males are affected by this discrimination. The lesbians do not suffer any apparent loss of wages "unexplained".

This discrimination does not affect all gays with the same force. The less educated and the young could be less discriminated against, while the widening gap with the qualifications and experience. As a percentage of the "visibility" of an employee within the company, analyze the two economists. The young staff are more secure, with little "visible" for competitive examination.

"Marriage premium"

The results of the study are close to the observed differences in wages abroad, but it must include "marriage premium" observed in France. A married man will win because on average 4% more than a single. Homosexuals can not have access to marriage, they are doubly penalized.In the U.S., according to a study published in October 2007 and based on the study of 91,000 cases, a gay employee earns an average 23% less than heterosexual married counterparts.

In France, these wage differentials are explained, the two authors argue, by homophobia. "A CSA poll conducted in March 2009, said Liberation, revealed that 28% of private sector employees do not feel" very comfortable "with the fact that their colleague is gay.

A health insurance plan is definitely a major source of financial assistance in times of illnesses, accidents or diseases.

The Dow Jones has evolved in the red throughout the session Friday in a trading day lendeamin déhjà very heckled.

After biting the nose in the first hour of trading, the benchmark index of Wall Street still has erased much of its losses. At closing, it fell by 0.56% to 10,213.62 points. The S & P 500 fold, from 0.37% to its 1071.69 points. While the Nasdaq managed to regain the green, scrounge 0.04% to 2179.76 points.

U.S. stocks have relapsed this week, especially Thursday and Friday amid renewed fears of further slowdown in activity, even recession.

"There is an internal struggle within the market right now, between the flow of economic indicators is rather disappointing for 48 hours and the balancing force that represents the multiplication of impressive announcements of mergers and acquisitions," noted Craig Peckham, Jefferies ."The market tries to anticipate a downward revision to corporate profits, which has not yet taken place, added the analyst.

Thursday night the U.S. stock markets were sharply accused the coup after the publication of bad numbers, especially on the employment front. In fact, new listings weekly unemployment rose by 12,000 for up to 500,000, while economists had forecast a drop instead. This setback has undermined all European stock exchanges, down nearly 2% on Thursday evening. The stock, Wall Street head, are more worried about the U.S. recovery is becoming increasingly threatened, yesterday, two other macroeconomic indicators have further disappointing disappointment consecutive ill-digit unemployment in the industrial activity Philadelphia region has not improved as the markets would have liked.The composite index of leading indicators the Conference Board is certainly left in timid increase, but suggests "a very slow recovery until the end of the year."

The earnings season gives way to mergers and acquisitions …

On the corporate side, while all the companies in the Dow Jones have now released their quarterly earnings, mergers and acquisitions also certainly inspire markets.But if they reassure investors about the health of businesses able to play cash on the table, they can not counter the extreme distrust aroused by signs of a growing number of weak U.S. recovery.

GAP (2.48% to 18.15 dollars) is reaping the fruits of this Friday's announcement the day before the quarterly earnings above expectations, thanks to the rebound in sales recorded by its brands Banana Republic and Old Navy.

PT (-0.86% to 40.42 dollars) and Dell (0.11% to 12.05 dollars) will be closed on the ball quarterly results.HP has shone with a quarterly profit up 6%, and Dell has not been left behind, with sales and earnings above expectations for the second quarter and expects a continued recovery in demand professionals for PCs in the coming quarters.

The world leader in microprocessors, Intel, announced on Thursday that he offered the world's number two computer security, Mc Afee (-0.07% after 57% yesterday), $ 7.6 billion .

While the hostile bid from BHP Billiton (-0.97% to 66.70 U.S. dollars) Potash (-0.75% to 147.72 dollars) continues to make waves on the Stock Exchange (Fitch Ratings has put on hold BHP Billiton), the offensive yesterday from Dell, the German publisher of software Wirecard rose Friday on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange after the entry by traders of a possible interest of Visa for the company.The title Wirecard advanced 2.05% to 8.71 euros while the action Visa German Stock Exchange fell by 0.35% to 55.69 euros. Visa back on Friday from 0.39% to 71.35 dollars.

Boeing (-0.59% to 64.24 dollars). The United States announced Thursday that they were using, like the European Union a month earlier, the ruling in June by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the dispute over public funding for the aircraft manufacturer Airbus. It was also learned that Thai Airways talks with Boeing and EADS for 30 aircraft

Like its French counterpart and rival PSA Peugeot Citroen, Renault has found the way of profits under the first half. The manufacturer headed by Carlos Ghosn said Friday sales up 23.1% in the first half of the year. The manufacturer recorded a net profit of 823 million euros, against a net loss of 2.712 billion euros a year earlier.

The group's operating margin reached 4% of turnover to 780 million euros.Renault also released a free cash flow positive at 1.4 billion euros, which remains the "principal purpose" of the group in the second half as Carlos Ghosn, president and CEO of the group.

Renault worldwide sales rose also by 21.7% and its global market share of 0.15 percentage points to 3.8%.

While claiming to be cautious "in an unusually uncertain," Renaut listing provide a "global marketplace in 2010, up about 8% compared to 2009, despite a drop in European market estimated between 7% and 9% compared last year.

Vacationers should take their troubles patiently Tuesday night to Thursday early morning. These three days may indeed be synonymous disrupted air traffic at major airports of Paris and the provinces, due to a strike call launched by six unions of air traffic. Disturbances should begin on Tuesday evening and end Thursday afternoon, the time that the rotations of aircraft back to normal.

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has asked airlines to remove 50% of flights at the airport of Orly and 20% of those expected at Roissy Charles de Gaulle.

In a statement, Air France announced that 100% of long-haul flights will be provided, and that 80% of its flights short and medium haul routes from Paris-Charles de Gaulle and 50% from Paris-Orly. "We can not exclude some flight cancellations throughout the day.Delays will also be possible, "the company said, calling his passengers to see the information updated in real time on its site, under" schedule "and" timeliness of flights, or by phone at 3654 and SMS sending their flight number to 63654 (eg by typing: AF2062).

For now, the information is covered in a trickle. The DGAC said that a strike slogan added "stormy weather that could disrupt traffic". More details are expected early Tuesday afternoon.

"A passage in force"

The CGT, CGC, FOR, UNSA UNSA-IESS and ICNA-call for mobilization to denounce the European program for creating Single Sky FABEC, and the dismantling of the DGAC.They denounce as in January and February, the establishment by the end of 2010, a single air control operator for France, Germany, Switzerland and the Benelux countries. "The creation of such a body fusion will inevitably lead to the dismantling of the DGAC, the structure was considered to be efficient in terms of cost, security and service to users," say the unions. Moreover, "this merger will mean the de facto release of all or part of his personal services and the scope of the State Civil Service.

Following the movements of the beginning of the year, negotiations were begun with the unions and a mediator, Gilles Savary. On Monday, a final meeting of conciliation before the strike failed to find common ground. "The executives had no room for negotiation, it was a meeting for nothing," said Olivier Joffrin (CGT).The Ombudsman shall submit a report in late July but the unions are pessimistic. But the CGT denounced a "forced passage in the middle of July."

"FABEC is necessary, besides the five other countries and partners for their unions are very favorable," assures yet a spokesman for the DGAC.

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Meanwhile measure the effects of the broad financial reform approved by Congress, the giants of Wall Street continued their slow recovery. Citigroup, which had managed to exit the first quarter of 2010 after losing a total of $ 29 billion between 2008 and 2009, has confirmed his return to profits between March and June The third U.S. lender has reported net earnings of $ 2.7 billion, down 37% over a year. For its part, Bank of America, the first U.S. retail bank, posted net income of $ 3.1 billion, a slight decrease of 4%. The day before, JPMorgan had announced a profit of 4.8 billion, up 76%.

If the performance of these three giants of Wall Street have exceeded the expectations of financial analysts, they are far from convincing.The banks, in effect, save their profits fall in provisions for doubtful debts, which remain however very high levels. At Citigroup, they have a charge of $ 6.7 billion, the lowest in almost three years. For Bank of America, the drain $ 8.1 billion against $ 9.8 billion in the first quarter and still $ 16.4 billion a year ago pay day loan lenders.

Less capital raising

More than three years after the start of the crisis in the housing, the improvement of conditions in the shy USA relieves borrowers. But business remains sluggish, as evidenced by the decrease in revenues of large banks: – 33% for Citigroup – 18% for Bank of America – 7% for JPMorgan. The great challenge for these players is to reach boost their sales."It will be several more quarters to see a sustainable activity," warns Brian Moynihan, the CEO of Bank of America.

Last year, the Wall Street banks had managed to offset the gloom with an exceptional year in the investment bank, with capital raising records. Alas, this windfall is gone and instead the second quarter under the sign of the crisis of European sovereign countries was characterized by high volatility and lower risk appetite. This scenario weighs on commissions and revenue from emissions trading.

More and more voices against the euro. Most recently, the CEO of Maurel and Prom and former banker has lambasted the single currency in an interview with La Tribune. Jean-Francois Henin does not beat around the bush, he said "Europe is dying by inches of its single currency.

The officer believes that Europe will not end the crisis without a significant depreciation of its currency. The skipper and evokes "a level of parity of 0.6 to the dollar" before adding "not the European Central Bank will not accept it." In fact, the latter expressed doubts about the fact that the euro can survive the crisis "which is just beginning," he said free 3-in-1 credit report.

Redeployment of "onshore"

Regarding the consequences of the spill, the leader of the French oil major said the companies are counting on a redeployment of oil production on land at the expense of offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.

He suggested that no oil company is no longer able to "face the financial consequences of possible ecological damage. He said he expected consequences for production "in the years 2015/2020. "This should bring up to date the theory of" peak oil production ceiling, "said he.

If the New York Stock Exchange opened Thursday near the equilibrium, this delicate balance has not lasted. The announcement promises to sell in the older building having fallen 30% in May has infuriated investors. Suddenly, the Dow Jones lost 1.05% and the Nasdaq 1.51% after this announcement /

"Nobody seems eager to take advantage of market declines to buy shares, at least for now", believes Patrick O'Hare of Briefing.com financial site."This reluctance reflects a decline in market confidence about the ability of companies to achieve their performance goals in the second half of the year."

Influenced by the European public debt crisis, the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and fears of slowing global economy, U.S. equity indices closed sharply lower Wednesday for the second consecutive month to reach their worst quarter since the second quarter of 2002. They returned to their lowest level in eight months … Yesterday, the Dow Jones finished down 1% to 9774 points, the S & P 500 also lost 1% and the Nasdaq 1.2%.

The banking sector might react after the removal of a proposed tax credit and the approval by the House of Representatives, the final version of the broader reform of financial regulation in the United States.President Barack Obama reiterated Wednesday during a speech in Racine (Wisconsin, North) that the bill would "prevent a crisis" such as that of 2007-2009. "This is a reform that will protect our economy from the recklessness and irresponsibility of some," he said.

On the face of macroeconomic indicators, the employment figures expected Friday should mark a return to job losses after five months of improvement. On Wednesday, already, enrollment weekly unemployment rose unexpectedly last week in the United States, according to the Labor Department. Applications for unemployment benefits rose 13,000 to $ 472,000 in the figures as at June 26, while economists on average expected a decline to 452,000 over the figure of 457,000 originally reported.This does not augur the best.

Even more than other countries engine of global growth, China has seen, precisely, growth prospects are heavily depressed by the Conference Board and the Chinese manufacturing activity slowed in June, according to two indices Chinese purchasing managers released Thursday.

Investors will closely monitor the repayment by the European banks, expected on Thursday. They will have to repay 442 billion euros Thursday to the European Central Bank, with the maturing of a loan granted exceptional giant a year ago.

On the face values

Technology stocks, IT and telecom will be well attended.

Setbacks Chinese Google could find exits.The license renewal application filed by the U.S. giant in China will be considered by the government and the result will be published shortly, have indeed shown this Thursday, the Chinese media. The U.S. group has shown good will by announcing in Beijing that he would terminate the automatic rerouting of its Chinese site to its site of Hong Kong. The track lost 0.11% to 444.47 dollars.

The internet group Yahoo! else has announced Wednesday that its board had approved a share repurchase program of $ 3 billion over three years. During Wednesday's closing, this amount represents approximately 15% of the market capitalization of the group.After the announcement, the stock price Yahoo!, The lowest since a year has risen by 1.59% to 14.08 dollars.

The Microsoft IT group (+ 0.56% to 23.14 dollars) announced Wednesday it would gradually stop marketing its phone launched in April, the Kin, especially for the youth market of amateur social networks. " Microsoft has decided to focus on the launch (OS) Windows 7 and Phone will not deliver the Kin in Europe this fall as planned, "the group said in a statement

The small business Internet distribution Woot, offers its followers not more than one model per day at deflated prices, said Wednesday that she was redeemed by the giant Amazon, without specifying financial terms of the transaction."The name of a dog! Woot has signed an agreement with Amazon – yes, then the Amazon – to become an independent subsidiary of the giant e-commerce, "said the little Texas company on his blog. The title gained 0.14% to 109.40 dollars.

Finally, Boeing could react because the World Trade Organization asks Brussels to halt "without delay" to the subsidies paid to Airbus. Boeing sees this decision as "a great legal victory, the European union will be Apel.les action leaves 0.51% to 62.46 dollars.

The CAC 40 index opened down 0.88% to 3416 points on Thursday morning. The benchmark index of Paris had shown a steady increase Wednesday night at closing thanks to reassuring words from Ben Bernanke, the Fed chief, after three consecutive sessions of decline. Other major European markets have also hoisted the green flag.

Same trend on the rest of European markets. In Spain, the Ibex 35 lost 1.16% to 8765 points. The Dax index of thirty blue chips of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange plaice 0.42% to 5959.11 points. The London Stock Exchange fell by 0.42% compared to Wednesday's closing at 5064.55 points.

Early this morning, Asian stock markets have posted positive counters. The indices are displayed in positive territory while a series of good gives figures balsam inside investors.

The euro is ironed beyond $ 1.2.

U.S. growth is reassuring, Ben Bernanke also

Published yesterday, the Fed's Beige Book confirmed an increase in economic activity in the United States without signs of inflation, reinforcing the idea that the Fed is in no hurry to raise interest rates. The Federal Reserve announced it was expecting a GDP of 3.5% for 2010 and "somewhat" more in 2011. In May, the Fed was between 3.4% and 4.5% for 2011.

Its chairman, Ben Bernanke, indqiué he remains attentive to the evolution "of the situation abroad. His comments are aimed at Europe in turmoil budget.He said however, "reassured by the answers of Europeans," holding that they have developed a "substantial program.

The economic indicators of importance

In France, industrial production in France fell 0.3% in April, but production of the only manufacturing industry continued to grow, according to data released Thursday CVS-CJO by INSEE.

In Frankfurt, while it is held by the Governing Council, Jean-Claude Trichet, head of the European Central Bank, will deliver the Bank's decision on interest rates to 1% today. A status quo is preferred.

Like every Wednesday, the weekly unemployment benefit claims in the United States will be published at 14.30. The figures on foreign trade in April will be known at the same time.Then, 20 hours, investors will follow the budget execution figures for the month of May

Japan remains the second largest economy after the United States, while the revised official figures and show a growth of 5% in the first quarter of 2010.

France Telecom, one aggrégateurplus a producer

Value-laden France Telecom, which held its annual meeting Tuesday, it appeared necessary to adapt its strategy contained in the competitive environment and has therefore become more assertive as an aggregator and as a producer, said Wednesday Stéphane Richard, his manager General at the General Assembly.

In addition, the telecom authority (Arcep) on Wednesday defended a regulatory context to counterbalance the dominance of France Telecom in the telephony market in France.

The securities yield 0.36% to 15.3 euros.

Air France-KLM: -1.49% to 9.6 eurosSelon information Figaro, Ethiopian Airlines is preparing to sign an agreement with Star Alliance to join the alliance dominated by Lufthansa. Air France is being shaken to its network and the most profitable.

Total: -1.35% to 37.6 euros The oil company involved in the construction of a solar concentrator 100 megawatts in Abu Dhabi, the largest in the world.

The above shares retreat amid plummeting BP shares, which fell by 15% to the London Stock Exchange on Thursday morning – they dropped 15.8% yesterday on the U.S. markets. In its wake, Technip signed the largest drop in the CAC 40: -2.3% to 47.7 euros.

Renault: -1.18% to 28.9 euros change in the financial department head. Thierry Moulonguet will be replaced by the CEO of RCI Banque.

Imerys: 0.11% to 40.3 euros The Strategic Investment Fund (ISF) announced Wednesday the fall departure of chief executive Gilles Michel, who will join the group of industrial minerals and construction materials, including it should become CEO in 2011, to succeed Gerard Buffière.

French Members Banks, which begin Thursday in open discussion of the draft law regulating banking and finance, also want to discuss with the Government of the German measure to ban naked short selling.

Societe Generale drops 1.9% to 31.1 euros.BNP Paribas, -1.6% to 33 eruos, Credit Agricole, -1.2% to 8.1 euros.

EADS: -0.96% to 17.05 euros Eurofighter has launched negotiations with Germany, Spain, Great Britain and Italy in order to convince these countries to invest 10 billion euros in next phase of production of its combat aircraft.

Moreover, during the Berlin Air Show, Louis Welsh, the executive chairman said he was "delighted if we could forge a partnership with Embraer, the Brazilian counterpart, said FinanzNachrichten.

The form that could take this partnership has not been specified. In the past, EADS has held a minority stake in Embraer, which he sold in 2007.

The Auchan retail group and its Taiwanese partner Ruentex preparing to list their Chinese activities on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, according to Les Echos published Wednesday.A first for the family business.

Changes in recommendations

Lafarge and Saint-Gobain Citigroup raised its recommandaiton from "hold" to "buy". Lafarge appears among the only five values in the green on the CAC 40, 0.66% to 47 euros. Saint-Gobain is 1.22% to 30.64 euros.

Vinci: 0.05% to 36.6 euros ING has started tracking the purchase, with a target price of 44.20 euros.

Blow to Vivendi. According to the newspaper Valor Economico, the French group headed by Jean-Bernard Levy had committed irregularities in the acquisition of the Brazilian telecom operator GVT. According to information from the newspaper, without citing its sources, Vivendi did not inform the "appropriate investors." The supervisory authority of the Brazilian markets, CVM believes that the French government carried out an operation "bad faith" after starting last November a tender offer for 100% stake in GVT.

Vivendi is in fact suspected of violating securities regulations in skewing his information to markets, and other pretenders to the redemption of this Brazilian Telecom Operator.He allegedly claimed to hold a controlling stake in the capital of GVT as he had in fact acquired option contracts on the title of Brazilian online payday advance. Vivendi would have claimed a victory before actually winning the race.

The group first acquired 53% of GVT for 2.2 billion dollars, then gradually took total control of the Brazilian operator to four billion dollars. The transaction closed in late April after a fierce battle with Spain's Telefonica.

The Market Authority has not confirmed this information. A spokesman said that the CVM agency had issued no press since its announcement in March that it was opening an investigation into Vivendi for possible irregularities.

If fraud is proved, Vivendi would afflict a large fine by the Brazilian stock Constable.According to the daily Valor, it would be at least 1.3 billion euros.

Saint Gobain turn a historic page in its history. Jean-Louis Beffa who presided for a number of world production, processing and distribution of building materials for over twenty years, has bowed out at the General Assembly (GA) annually. Although his departure is long, the emotion was the appointment of the AG.

His successor, Pierre-Andre de Chalendar confirmed its objective of a rebound results in 2010 and said to expect solid growth in operating income in the first half, compared to the same period last year as over the second half of 2009.

"Activity levels of the various businesses of the group in April and May clearly confirm the trend of improvement in March," said Pierre-Andre de Chalendar, which should add at the end of the AG function president than he is currently CEO.

But these signs of recovery are highly differentiated according to geographic location. "In Western Europe and North America, the recovery remains hesitant," he warned. "The effects of recovery plans are very uneven and the uncertainties on the financial strength of certain states, or issues relating to the consequences of public deficits, still gives an idea of the times". He added: "The contrast is striking with Asia and Latin America, where the crisis is already a distant memory."

A solid first half for

Pierre-Andre de Chalendar sees these geographic disparities confirmation that the group should continue its internationalization initiated by his predecessor and even accentuate, this time beyond European borders no faxing pay day loans. "I am convinced that Saint-Gobain will be in ten years (…) a larger group outside Europe, but a group rooted in its territories," he said.

The group made last year 16% of its turnover in Asia and other emerging countries – awarded to North America – 29% in France and 42% in the rest of Europe. He intended this year a large portion of these investments to high-growth areas, particularly in the solar sector.

Strong rebound margin

Pierre-Andre de Chalendar, who maintained the targets for the full year – strong growth in operating income at constant exchange rates, a sharp rebound in margins and free cash flow – for items delivered the semester ends in view of the improvement observed that since the end of the first quarter.

"Accordingly, and considering the impact of programs, achieving cost savings, operating profit of the group should continue to improve in the first half of 2010, with both strong growth over the first half of 2009, and sustained growth over the second half of 2009, "he said.

The interim results, that Saint-Gobain published July 29, will also benefit from favorable comparisons.The company posted an operating profit of 930 million euros in the first half of 2009 and 1.286 billion in the second.